Symptoms
Often described as sharp or cramping, typically starting in the back or side and radiating to the lower abdomen and groin (known as renal colic).
Blood in the urine, which may appear pink, red, or brown.
Frequent need to urinate or a persistent urge to urinate.
Discomfort or burning sensation during urination.
Often accompanying and/or caused by the severe pain.
May indicate a concurrent urinary tract infection.
Causes
High intake of oxalate-rich foods, excessive salt, and low water consumption.
Family history of kidney stones.
Conditions like hyperparathyroidism, which increase calcium levels in the blood.
Such as gout, which increases uric acid levels.
Can lead to struvite stone formation.
Risk Factors
Insufficient fluid intake leads to concentrated urine.
High protein, sodium, and sugar intake.
Increases the risk of stone formation.
Some diuretics, calcium-based antacids, and other drugs can increase the risk.
Investigations
Insufficient fluid intake leads to concentrated urine.
To detect blood, crystals, and possible infection.
CT Scan: Most accurate for detecting stones.
Ultrasound: Used to identify stones and obstructions, especially in pregnant women.
X-ray (Kidney Ureter Bladder): To detect radiopaque stones.
Management
Management of urolithiasis can involve:
A surgical procedure using a scope inserted through the urethra to remove or break up kidney stones.
A surgical procedure involving the insertion of a cystoscope into the bladder to break and remove bladder stones.
Non-invasive procedure using shock waves to break stones into smaller pieces that can be passed in the urine.
Surgical removal of large kidney stones through a small incision in the lower back.
To manage pain (NSAIDs, opioids), facilitate stone passage (alpha-blockers), and prevent recurrence (thiazide diuretics, potassium citrate).