Main Types of Cancers
Symptoms
Blood in urine, lower back pain, weight loss, fatigue.
Blood in urine, frequent urination, pelvic pain.
Difficulty urinating, blood in semen, erectile dysfunction.
Lump or swelling in the testicle, discomfort in the scrotum.
Causes
Changesin DNA leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
Exposure to certain chemicals or radiation.
Smoking, obesity, diet high in red meats.
Risk Factors
Higher risk if close relatives have had cancer.
Increased risk with aging.
Strong risk factor for bladder and kidney cancer.
Influence the risk of prostate cancer.
Investigations
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To identify symptoms and risk factors.
CT scan, MRI, ultrasound to visualize tumors.
Biopsy: Removal of tissue samples for histological examination and classification.
Blood Tests: PSA for prostate cancer, markers for kidney and testicular cancer.
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Management
Nephrectomy: Removal of the kidney or part of it for kidney cancer.
Cystectomy: Removal of the bladder for invasive bladder cancer.
Prostatectomy: Removal of the prostate gland for prostate cancer.
Orchiectomy: Removal of one or both testicles for testicular cancer.
Use of drugs to kill cancer cells.
High-energy radiation to destroy cancer cells.
Boosting the immune system to fight cancer.
Drugs targeting specific genetic mutations in cancer cells.
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